Influence of different Fletcher–Suit applicator geometries on sagittal dose distribution

Abstract 

Introduction

One of the brachytherapy treatment modality of cervix carcinomas is insertion with Fletcher–Suit (FS) applicator. Depending on the patient anatomy and pathology and on the construction of the FS applicator different geometrical arrangements in ovoid separation, in ovoids' sagittal level with respect to the tandem were experienced. The multiple insertions show minor differences in applicator geometries. The aim of the study is to evaluate the influence of main geometrical parameters: the ovoid separation, symmetry and the ovoids' sagittal shift on dose distribution in different FS applicator arrangements. We tested the effect of dwell time settings in improvement of dose distribution of less adequate insertions. We also investigated the effect of inter-fractional variation of applicator geometry.

Materials and methods

We considered 73 treatment fractions of 22 patients. All insertions were performed by the same gynaecologist with the same type of FS applicator, while the treatment plans were generated by the same physicist using the same treatment planning method. We compared the sagittal dose distribution of different FS applicator geometries with dose levels at two applicator points, defined 2cm apart from the tandem towards the bladder and rectum. We computed the Pearson correlation coefficients between the dose levels at the applicator points and the ovoid separation, symmetry and the ovoids' sagittal shift. We also investigated the effect of dwell time settings in ovoids in order to decrease the dose to organs at risk. The inter-fractional variation of the FS applicator geometries and the influence on the dose levels at the two applicator points were also tested.

Results and conclusions

Strong correlation was found between the ovoid separation and dose values to applicator points defined in sagittal direction of FS applicator arrangements. Also strong correlation was between the ovoids' sagittal position with respect to the tandem and the applicator point defined towards the rectum, while the ovoid symmetry had no influence on the sagittal dose distribution. The standard deviations of inter-fractional variation of the ovoid separation and the ovoids' sagittal position were within ±5.2mm and ±10.2mm respectively. The inter-fractional variations in FS applicator geometry resulted in variation in dose levels at the applicator points ±0.8Gy typically, while the largest value was ±1.6Gy.

Keywords: Brachytherapy, Fletcher–Suit applicator, Cervix carcinoma

Abbreviations: LDR, low dose-rate after-loader, HDR, high dose-rate after-loader, PDR, pulsed dose-rate after-loader, ICRU, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, CT, computed tomography scanner, MR, magnetic resonance imaging scanner, FS, Fletcher–Suit applicator, BPS, brachytherapy planning system